Note:

1. This tool uses Hazen and Williams empirical formula to calculate pressure losses for liquids flowing through straight pipes. The equation is widely used in the design of water supply networks and irrigation systems.


2. Limitations: The equation is only valid for water flow in the piping system when the Reynolds number is above 10⁵ (turbulent flow), the water temperature is in the range 5-25 ^oC and the kinematic viscosity is approximately 1.1 cSt.


3. For hotter water with lower kinematic viscosity, the error will be significant.